This course explains the law of Egypt, not US law. Rules that look the same elsewhere may be different.
Course · Law by country · Egypt
Egyptian Law
The law of Egypt for the people who deal with it: a civil-law system built on the Civil Code of 1948 with a distinctive constitutional and religious framework, the Constitution and the institutions, personal status for Muslims and Christians, the ordinary courts and the State Council and the Supreme Constitutional Court, rights and administrative law, contract, property, family and inheritance, business, the new Labour Law and tax, and criminal justice and the Nile and international law.
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Egypt has one of the longest legal histories in the world and a modern civil-law system with a distinctive constitutional and religious framework. Its Civil Code of 1948, written by Sanhuri, became a model for other Arab codes. Islamic Sharia is, under Article 2 of the Constitution, the principal source of legislation, but Egypt is not governed by a single religious code: contract, commercial, administrative and criminal law are state legislation, and Sharia-based rules mainly shape personal status and inheritance. The judiciary has separate branches in the continental tradition: ordinary courts under the Court of Cassation, the State Council for administrative justice and the Supreme Constitutional Court. This course gives a complete first map for the people who deal with Egyptian law, from the point of view of the foreigner. It starts with the history, the sources and the place of Sharia; then the Constitution, the presidency, Parliament and Al-Azhar; then governorates and personal status; then the courts and the legal professions; then rights, foreigners and administrative law; then contract, property, family and inheritance; then business, employment and tax; and finally criminal justice, the Nile, digital law and international law. It uses invented people and businesses, and three working tools.
The Curriculum
Foundations of Egyptian law: ancient and Islamic traditions, Ottoman and French influence, the Civil Code of 1948, sources and hierarchy of law, Sharia and legislation, and legal pluralism→
History, sources, hierarchy, the civil law tradition, Sharia and legislation, and legal pluralism. Practice: Which Source, Which Norm Prevails and Spot the Mistake.
The Constitution and national institutions: the President, the House of Representatives and the Senate, lawmaking, the government, elections and Al-Azhar→
The Constitution, the presidency, Parliament, lawmaking, the government, elections and Al-Azhar. Practice: Who Does What, Apply the Rule and Spot the Mistake.
Governorates, local administration and religious communities: the unitary state, local government, personal status jurisdiction for Muslims, Christians and Jews, and places of worship→
Governorates, local administration, personal status jurisdiction and places of worship. Practice: Which Authority, Which Rules and Spot the Mistake.
Courts and the legal professions: the ordinary courts and the Court of Cassation, the State Council, the Supreme Constitutional Court, specialised courts, prosecutors, advocates, notaries and the path to practise→
The judiciary, the ordinary courts, the State Council, the Supreme Constitutional Court, specialised courts and the legal professions. Practice: Which Court, Who May Act and Spot the Mistake.
Rights, foreigners and administrative law: the constitutional rights, religion and expression and assembly, nationality and the status of foreigners, administrative decisions and contracts, judicial review and anti-corruption→
Constitutional rights, religion and expression, nationality and foreigners, administrative law, judicial review and anti-corruption. Practice: Which Route, Which Body and Spot the Mistake.
The Civil Code, property, family and inheritance: contract and remedies, civil liability, real estate and its registration, tenancy, marriage and divorce for Muslims and Christians, and succession→
Contract and remedies, civil liability, real estate, tenancy, family law and inheritance. Practice: Which Law Governs, What Is the Advice and Spot the Mistake.
Business, employment and tax: company forms, investment and licensing, commercial agencies and trade, the new Labour Law, dismissal and labour disputes, and taxation→
Company forms, investment and licensing, commercial agencies and trade, the new Labour Law, labour disputes and taxation. Practice: Which Authority, What Is the Advice and Spot the Mistake.
Criminal justice, the environment, digital law and international law: the Penal Code, criminal procedure and trial, the Nile and the environment, intellectual property and data protection, arbitration, foreign judgments and treaties→
Criminal law and procedure, the environment and the Nile, intellectual property and data protection, and international law. Practice: Which Route, What Is the Advice and Spot the Mistake.
Capstone: Capstone: Marta Kowalska and the Cairo architecture studio→
A studio in Cairo, a visa, a company form and a local agent, a flat bought without registration, a dismissal, and a mixed marriage and a will. Choose the route, the form, the forum and the remedy.
What It Covers
“You will be able to say, for any problem you may have in Egypt, which rule applies (including whether the Civil Code, a statute or personal status rules govern it and how religion affects the answer), which court or authority decides it, which time limit runs and which professional you need.”
- Written for the foreigner and honest about Egypt’s layered order: it explains the civil-law tradition, Article 2 and personal status instead of treating Egypt as simply Islamic law or simply a French transplant, and follows the questions a visitor, resident, employee, family or business actually has.
- Teaches the structure behind the rules, so that a student who knows how the Constitution, the codes, the three judicial branches and the personal status statutes fit together can read any new rule and compare Egyptian law with other civil-law and Arab systems.
- Three tools with invented facts: a Residence Status Finder, an Entity Chooser and a Court and Forum Finder, each showing how the answer changes when a fact does.
- Honest about limits: a new Labour Law took effect in September 2025 and a new Criminal Procedure Code was issued in November 2025 with a reported postponement of its start date, so the course teaches the structure and flags where to check the current text. It states no changing figures and is general education, not advice.
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Common questions
- Is Egypt governed by Islamic law?
- Article 2 of the Constitution makes the principles of Sharia the principal source of legislation, but contract, commercial, administrative and criminal law are state legislation. Sharia-based rules mainly shape personal status and inheritance. The course explains where each applies.
- Are there religious courts?
- No. Religious courts were abolished in 1955. State family courts decide personal status disputes for everyone, applying rules that depend on the parties’ religion and community.
- Is it for people who want to practise Egyptian law?
- No. It is a first course for the people who deal with Egyptian law. Only an Egyptian advocate can advise on Egyptian law and act in the courts, and the course says when you need one.
- Are the tools real data?
- No. The tools apply well-known rules in simplified form to invented facts. They show the structure of the answer and cannot decide a case.
- Does it give the current rule on every point?
- It teaches the provisions that have lasted. The new Labour Law, the new Criminal Procedure Code, rent reform, visa and investment rules and tax measures are changing, so check the current text for any real matter.
- How do I get the Certificate of Completion?
- Sign in, pass each module quiz and keep a course average of at least 75. The certificate is then issued and emailed to you automatically.
This course was written on 5 November 2026. To the best of our knowledge, it describes the law of Egypt as it stood on that date. Laws change, and we may have missed or misunderstood something. If you notice a change, or have other information, please do not hesitate to contact us: we will review it and update the course. We do not claim to be the final source of the law.
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