Law of Egypt

Module 2

The Constitution and national institutions: the President, the House of Representatives and the Senate, lawmaking, the government, elections and Al-Azhar

Egypt’s Constitution was adopted by referendum in 2014 and amended in 2019. It declares Egypt a sovereign Arab republic whose system rests on political and party pluralism, the peaceful transfer of power, and the separation and balance of powers (Article 5). It sets up a strong presidency alongside a House of Representatives, a Senate (restored in 2019) and a government led by a Prime Minister. The courts and a number of independent bodies have their own constitutional place, and Al-Azhar is recognised as an independent Islamic institution. A foreigner who invests, works or lives in Egypt meets these institutions in licences, decrees and regulations, so it helps to know who decides what. The Constitution and the laws are amended from time to time, so the current text must always be checked.

General education on the law of Egypt, using invented people and businesses. It states laws and procedures in simplified form and is not legal advice. The law and its practice change, and every case turns on its facts, the authority and the community concerned. It does not offer legal representation or a legal opinion on any case. Consult an Egyptian advocate for any real matter.

This course was written on 5 November 2026. To the best of our knowledge, it describes the law of Egypt as it stood on that date. Laws change, and we may have missed or misunderstood something. If you notice a change, or have other information, please do not hesitate to contact us: we will review it and update the course. We do not claim to be the final source of the law.