Exclusive Dealing: A Complete Guide to Exclusive Distribution and Antitrust Law
Last updated on September 9, 2026
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This analysis is part of our comprehensive reference guide on Business Law.
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Exclusive Dealing: A Complete Guide to Exclusive Distribution and Antitrust Law
Exclusive dealing is a business arrangement in which one party agrees to purchase, sell, distribute, or otherwise deal primarily or exclusively with another party.
These arrangements are common in ordinary commerce.
A manufacturer may appoint one distributor for a particular territory. A retailer may agree to purchase a particular product only from one supplier. A software company may agree to distribute through one platform. A beverage producer may require a restaurant chain to purchase its beverages exclusively.
None of these arrangements is automatically illegal.
In fact, exclusive dealing can sometimes make markets more efficient. A supplier may be willing to invest in advertising, training, equipment, inventory, or specialized distribution because it knows that its distributor will not immediately switch to a competing supplier.
The antitrust problem arises when exclusivity is used not simply to organize a business relationship, but to foreclose competitors from a substantial part of the market and thereby harm competition.
That distinction is central to understanding exclusive dealing.
Cornell Law School’s Legal Information Institute defines exclusive dealing as an arrangement in which a buyer or seller agrees to deal exclusively with another party and explains that such agreements may raise antitrust concerns when they substantially foreclose competition.
Cornell Wex: Exclusive Dealing
The basic question is therefore not:
“Is the agreement exclusive?”
It is:
“Does the exclusivity unlawfully restrict competition?”
What Is Exclusive Dealing?
Exclusive dealing is an arrangement in which a business agrees to purchase from, sell to, or distribute for another business on an exclusive or substantially exclusive basis.
The arrangement can operate in several directions.
A manufacturer might require a retailer to sell only its products.
A retailer might agree to purchase a particular product only from one manufacturer.
A distributor might receive exclusive rights to a territory.
A supplier might require customers not to purchase competing products.
The terminology varies depending on the commercial structure.
Common expressions include:
- exclusive dealing;
- exclusive distribution;
- exclusive supply;
- exclusive purchasing;
- exclusive dealership;
- exclusive territory;
- requirements arrangements; and
- single-brand purchasing obligations.
The legal analysis depends on the actual arrangement rather than simply the label attached to the contract.
A Simple Example
Imagine that a beverage manufacturer enters into an agreement with 1,000 restaurants.
The restaurants agree that they will purchase the manufacturer’s soft drinks exclusively for five years.
The manufacturer provides:
- refrigerators;
- advertising;
- promotional support;
- volume discounts; and
- delivery services.
The arrangement may benefit everyone involved.
The restaurants receive favorable commercial terms.
The manufacturer receives predictable demand.
Customers receive consistent availability.
Now imagine something different.
Suppose the manufacturer already controls 80% of the relevant distribution channels and signs long-term exclusive contracts with nearly every major retailer.
Competitors are unable to obtain meaningful access to retailers.
Even if customers would prefer competing products, the competitors cannot effectively reach them.
The same basic contractual mechanism—exclusivity—can therefore have a very different competitive effect.
Why Do Businesses Use Exclusive Dealing?
Exclusive dealing can serve legitimate commercial purposes.
1. Investment Incentives
A supplier may invest heavily in a distributor because it expects the distributor to remain committed to the supplier’s products.
Without exclusivity, the distributor could potentially accept the supplier’s investment and immediately use the resulting resources to sell a competitor’s products.
Exclusivity can therefore protect investment.
2. Promotion and Brand Development
A manufacturer may want a distributor to devote substantial attention to its products.
An exclusive relationship can encourage:
- advertising;
- employee training;
- product demonstrations;
- specialized sales teams;
- customer support; and
- brand development.
3. Distribution Efficiency
Exclusive territories can reduce unnecessary duplication.
For example, a manufacturer might appoint one distributor to serve one region and another distributor to serve a different region.
This may allow each distributor to build an efficient local network.
4. Quality Control
Some products require specialized handling.
Exclusive arrangements may allow a supplier to ensure that its products are distributed by businesses meeting particular standards.
This can be especially important for:
- technical equipment;
- medical products;
- specialized machinery;
- software;
- luxury products; and
- products requiring installation or maintenance.
5. Predictable Supply and Demand
Exclusivity can provide greater certainty.
A supplier may know that a particular customer will purchase a minimum amount.
The customer may know that the supplier will reserve sufficient inventory or production capacity.
This predictability can reduce transaction costs.
When Does Exclusive Dealing Become an Antitrust Problem?
Exclusive dealing becomes an antitrust concern when it substantially forecloses competitors from access to customers, suppliers, distributors, or other commercially important channels.
The central concept is foreclosure.
Foreclosure does not simply mean that a competitor loses one customer.
Competition would be meaningless if every competitor were guaranteed access to every customer.
Instead, the question is whether the challenged arrangement makes it sufficiently difficult for rivals to compete that competition itself is harmed.
For example:
A manufacturer loses one retailer because that retailer signed an exclusive contract.
That alone ordinarily does not establish an antitrust violation.
But:
A dominant manufacturer signs exclusive agreements covering most commercially significant retailers, making it extremely difficult for rivals to reach customers.
That presents a much more serious antitrust question.
Exclusive Dealing and Section 1 of the Sherman Act
Exclusive dealing can implicate Section 1 of the Sherman Act when it involves an agreement between separate economic actors that unreasonably restrains trade.
Section 1 focuses on concerted conduct—agreements or combinations rather than purely unilateral behavior.
The existence of an exclusive contract therefore provides the necessary agreement element in many cases, but the existence of an agreement does not automatically establish an unlawful restraint.
The court must consider the competitive consequences of the arrangement.
The Rule of Reason
Unlike classic horizontal price fixing or bid rigging, exclusive dealing is generally analyzed under the rule of reason.
Under the rule of reason, courts examine the competitive effects of the arrangement rather than automatically declaring the conduct unlawful.
Relevant considerations can include:
- the defendant’s market power;
- the percentage of the market covered by the exclusivity;
- the duration of the agreements;
- ease of entry;
- availability of alternative distribution channels;
- the ability of competitors to reach customers;
- the justification for the arrangement;
- actual competitive effects; and
- whether less restrictive alternatives are available.
Cornell’s discussion of the rule of reason explains that courts assess whether a challenged restraint unreasonably restricts competition rather than applying automatic condemnation.
Exclusive Dealing Is Not Automatically Illegal
This is perhaps the most important point.
A company does not violate antitrust law merely because it signs an exclusive contract.
Businesses routinely make exclusive arrangements.
For example:
A manufacturer gives a small retailer exclusive rights to sell its product in a particular town.
That may be entirely lawful.
Likewise:
A restaurant agrees to purchase a particular beverage exclusively from one supplier in exchange for refrigerators and promotional support.
That may also be lawful.
Antitrust law generally does not require every supplier and distributor to remain permanently available to every competitor.
The focus is on the effect on competition.
Market Power Matters
Exclusive dealing becomes more concerning when the company imposing the arrangement possesses significant market power.
Suppose a small manufacturer has 2% of a competitive market.
It signs exclusive contracts with ten small retailers.
Competitors may have numerous other options.
Now suppose a dominant manufacturer controls 70% of the relevant market and signs exclusive contracts with nearly every major distributor.
The competitive implications are very different.
Market power therefore matters because a company without substantial market power usually has less ability to exclude competitors through individual exclusive contracts.
What Is Foreclosure?
Foreclosure refers to restricting competitors’ access to an important portion of the market.
In exclusive-dealing cases, courts may ask:
How much of the relevant market has effectively been closed to competing suppliers?
But percentage alone is not everything.
A contract covering 30% of a market may have very different consequences depending on:
- how long the contracts last;
- whether alternative distributors exist;
- whether customers can switch easily;
- whether the covered distributors are especially important;
- whether new competitors can enter;
- whether the remaining distribution channels are commercially viable.
Thus, the relevant question is not simply:
“What percentage is exclusive?”
It is:
“How much meaningful competitive opportunity has actually been foreclosed?”
Duration of Exclusive Agreements
The length of an exclusive arrangement can be highly relevant.
A short-term agreement may create relatively little foreclosure.
A long-term agreement can make market entry significantly more difficult.
Consider two scenarios.
Scenario A
A supplier has a six-month exclusive arrangement with a distributor.
Scenario B
A dominant supplier has ten-year exclusive agreements with nearly every major distributor.
The second arrangement may create substantially greater barriers for competitors.
Long-term exclusivity can effectively prevent rivals from accessing distribution channels during the period when they most need them.
Coverage of the Market
Courts may examine how broadly exclusive agreements are used.
Suppose a manufacturer has exclusive contracts with:
- 2% of retailers;
- 10% of retailers;
- 40% of retailers; or
- 90% of retailers.
The competitive significance increases as the proportion of commercially important outlets covered by exclusivity increases.
But again, raw percentages are not sufficient.
A company might control 30% of retailers but 90% of the industry’s most important distribution channels.
The practical competitive effect could therefore be much larger than the percentage initially suggests.
Exclusive Dealing and Barriers to Entry
Exclusive contracts can become especially problematic when they make entry difficult.
Imagine a new competitor attempting to enter a market.
It needs access to:
- retailers;
- distributors;
- wholesalers;
- suppliers;
- online platforms; or
- other critical channels.
If a dominant incumbent has already locked up nearly all of those channels through long-term exclusive agreements, the entrant may have nowhere meaningful to sell its product.
The incumbent may therefore not need to defeat the competitor through lower prices or better products.
It can prevent effective competition by controlling access to the market.
Exclusive Dealing and Network Effects
The issue can become more complicated in markets with network effects.
A product or service may become more valuable as more people use it.
Examples can include:
- payment systems;
- digital platforms;
- communication services;
- marketplaces; and
- software ecosystems.
If a dominant platform uses exclusivity to prevent rivals from acquiring the scale necessary to compete, the resulting foreclosure may be particularly significant.
Network effects can reinforce an incumbent’s position because customers may prefer the platform that already has the largest user base.
Exclusive Distribution
Exclusive distribution generally involves granting a distributor exclusive rights to sell a product within a particular territory or customer group.
For example:
Manufacturer A appoints Distributor B as its exclusive distributor for California.
This can provide legitimate benefits.
The distributor may invest in:
- warehouses;
- sales personnel;
- advertising;
- transportation;
- customer support; and
- inventory.
The manufacturer may therefore have an economic reason to grant exclusivity.
But exclusive distribution can raise antitrust concerns when it is structured or used to substantially exclude competing products or competing distributors.
Exclusive Purchasing
Exclusive purchasing operates from the buyer’s side.
A customer agrees to purchase a particular product or service exclusively from one supplier.
For example:
A restaurant agrees to purchase all of its soft drinks from Supplier A.
This can create predictable demand for Supplier A.
But if a dominant supplier uses exclusive purchasing contracts to prevent rivals from accessing most major customers, the arrangement may create significant foreclosure.
Exclusive Territories
Exclusive territorial arrangements divide distribution territories.
For example:
- Distributor A receives New York.
- Distributor B receives New Jersey.
- Distributor C receives Connecticut.
Territorial exclusivity can be legitimate because distributors may need protection from internal competition to justify investment.
But territorial arrangements can also create antitrust concerns if they are used to divide markets or prevent competition.
This illustrates an important point:
The same contractual structure can have legitimate or anticompetitive purposes depending on how it operates in the market.
Exclusive Dealing vs. Market Allocation
Exclusive dealing and market allocation should not be confused.
In a classic horizontal market-allocation agreement, competitors agree among themselves not to compete for particular customers or territories.
For example:
Company A will serve New York, and Company B will serve New Jersey.
That is coordination between competitors.
Exclusive dealing usually involves a vertical relationship:
Manufacturer A requires Distributor B not to carry competing products.
The two doctrines can overlap in complex commercial arrangements, but the competitive relationships are different.
Exclusive Dealing vs. Price Fixing
Price fixing generally involves competitors agreeing on prices.
Exclusive dealing generally involves a supplier and customer agreeing to limit their dealings with third parties.
For example:
“We will both charge at least $100.”
This suggests price fixing.
By contrast:
“You will purchase exclusively from us for three years.”
This is exclusive dealing.
The second agreement is not automatically unlawful merely because it limits the buyer’s freedom to deal with competitors.
Its legality depends on the competitive effects and applicable law.
Exclusive Dealing vs. Tying
Exclusive dealing can also be confused with tying.
In a tying arrangement, a seller conditions the sale of one product on the buyer’s agreement to purchase another product.
For example:
“You can buy Product A only if you also buy Product B.”
Exclusive dealing is different:
“If you buy Product A from us, you cannot buy competing Product A from another supplier.”
A particular commercial agreement can potentially contain both types of restriction.
Exclusive Dealing and Discounts
One of the most difficult areas is the use of discounts.
A supplier may offer:
“If you purchase all of your requirements from us, we will give you a 10% discount.”
That may be an ordinary commercial incentive.
But a discount structure can become antitrust-sensitive if it effectively penalizes customers for purchasing from rivals and substantially forecloses competitors.
The legal analysis depends on the structure and competitive effects.
Courts and agencies may therefore examine the practical economics of the discount rather than merely its contractual wording.
Exclusive Dealing and Loyalty Rebates
A related concept is the loyalty rebate.
A supplier may offer a customer a lower price if the customer purchases a high percentage of its requirements from that supplier.
For example:
- 50% purchasing commitment → standard price;
- 80% → 5% discount;
- 95% → 15% discount.
Such programs are not automatically unlawful.
The concern arises when the structure effectively makes dealing with competitors economically impractical.
The key issue is whether the program promotes legitimate competition or instead functions as a mechanism for excluding rivals.
Exclusive Dealing and Small Businesses
Small businesses should not assume that exclusivity is irrelevant to antitrust law.
A small business can be harmed by exclusivity if a powerful supplier or platform controls access to essential customers.
At the same time, a small business’s own exclusive agreement with a supplier will not ordinarily create a major antitrust problem simply because it is exclusive.
Again, the market context matters.
Exclusive Dealing and Online Platforms
Digital commerce has created new forms of exclusivity.
A platform might require merchants to:
- use its payment system;
- list exclusively on the platform;
- avoid competing platforms;
- use particular logistics services; or
- comply with platform-specific distribution restrictions.
The legal analysis depends on the precise conduct and the applicable antitrust theory.
A platform’s size, market power, contractual restrictions, switching costs, and the availability of competing platforms can all become relevant.
Exclusive Dealing and Consumer Choice
Consumers may experience both benefits and harms from exclusive arrangements.
Potential benefits include:
- lower distribution costs;
- better service;
- greater product availability;
- specialized support;
- investment in retail infrastructure; and
- consistent quality.
Potential harms may include:
- fewer choices;
- higher prices;
- reduced innovation;
- reduced product variety; and
- difficulty for new competitors to enter.
Antitrust law therefore does not treat every reduction in the number of available suppliers as unlawful.
The broader concern is harm to competitive conditions.
Exclusive Dealing and the Relevant Market
A serious exclusive-dealing analysis normally begins with the relevant market.
This can involve two dimensions:
Product market
What products or services meaningfully compete with one another?
Geographic market
Where does competition occur?
For example, an exclusive contract involving specialized medical equipment may need to be evaluated differently from an agreement involving ordinary consumer goods available from suppliers nationwide.
Market definition matters because foreclosure can only be meaningfully assessed against the competitive alternatives available in the relevant market.
The Role of Market Share
Market share is relevant but not dispositive.
A company with very little market power generally has less ability to use exclusive dealing to exclude competitors.
A company with substantial market power may have much greater ability to foreclose rivals.
But courts may also examine:
- entry conditions;
- switching costs;
- customer concentration;
- supplier concentration;
- contract duration;
- market growth;
- alternative channels;
- competitor strength; and
- actual market effects.
Antitrust analysis is therefore more complicated than simply asking:
“Does the company have more than 50% market share?”
Legitimate Business Justifications
A defendant may have legitimate reasons for entering into an exclusive arrangement.
Possible justifications include:
- encouraging investment;
- preventing free riding;
- ensuring quality;
- reducing distribution costs;
- protecting confidential information;
- maintaining service standards;
- securing supply;
- coordinating logistics; and
- encouraging product promotion.
The existence of a legitimate business justification does not automatically resolve the case.
But it can be important in determining whether the arrangement is reasonably explained by ordinary competition rather than exclusionary intent or effect.
Intent vs. Effect
Antitrust law often focuses heavily on economic effects.
A company’s internal statement saying:
“We want to eliminate our competitor.”
could be important evidence.
But intent alone does not necessarily establish an antitrust violation.
Conversely, a company might claim:
“We intended only to improve distribution.”
while its conduct nevertheless produces substantial anticompetitive foreclosure.
Courts can therefore consider both:
- what the company intended; and
- what the arrangement actually did.
Economic effects generally remain central to a rule-of-reason analysis.
Exclusive Dealing and Antitrust Injury
A competitor harmed by exclusive dealing must generally show more than:
“I lost a customer.”
Competition law protects the competitive process, not every individual competitor from losing business.
A competitor can lawfully lose customers because another company:
- offers a better product;
- charges less;
- provides better service;
- invests more heavily in distribution; or
- negotiates a legitimate contract.
The antitrust problem arises when exclusionary conduct harms competition itself.
This distinction is fundamental.
What Makes Exclusive Dealing More Concerning?
Several factors can increase antitrust risk.
High market power
The defendant has substantial power in the relevant market.
Extensive coverage
A large proportion of commercially important customers or distributors are subject to exclusivity.
Long duration
Contracts prevent rivals from accessing channels for extended periods.
Difficult entry
New competitors cannot easily establish alternative distribution channels.
Few alternatives
Customers have limited realistic alternatives.
Strategic importance
The covered customers or distributors are essential to effective competition.
Exclusionary purpose
Evidence suggests that the arrangement was designed specifically to prevent competitors from competing.
Lack of legitimate justification
The exclusivity has little apparent commercial explanation beyond excluding rivals.
No single factor necessarily decides the case.
What Makes Exclusive Dealing Less Concerning?
Conversely, several characteristics can support a conclusion that an arrangement is ordinary competition.
These may include:
- low market share;
- numerous alternative suppliers;
- short contract duration;
- easy customer switching;
- substantial alternative distribution channels;
- legitimate investment incentives;
- strong competition from other firms;
- limited market coverage; and
- meaningful opportunities for new entrants.
The economic context matters.
A Practical Example
Suppose Company A manufactures a specialized industrial component.
It has 15% of the market.
It signs exclusive contracts with three distributors representing 10% of the market.
Competitors still have access to numerous other distributors.
This arrangement may be commercially significant to Company A but is less likely, standing alone, to substantially foreclose competition.
Now change the facts.
Company A controls 75% of the market and signs ten-year exclusive contracts with distributors representing 80% of industry sales.
New competitors cannot reach the principal customers without going through those distributors.
The competitive analysis becomes much more serious.
The contractual language may look similar in both situations.
The market effects are radically different.
Enforcement and Remedies
Exclusive-dealing disputes can arise through:
- government investigations;
- FTC enforcement;
- DOJ enforcement;
- private antitrust litigation;
- state enforcement; or
- disputes between competitors and business partners.
Potential remedies can include:
- injunctions;
- modification or termination of contracts;
- damages;
- other equitable relief; and
- structural or behavioral remedies in appropriate cases.
The specific remedy depends on the statute, forum, facts, and legal theory involved.
Compliance Considerations for Businesses
Businesses using exclusive arrangements should evaluate them before implementation.
Useful questions include:
- What is the legitimate commercial purpose?
- How much of the market will be covered?
- How long will exclusivity last?
- Are there realistic alternatives for competitors?
- Does the company possess significant market power?
- Are the covered distributors or customers commercially essential?
- Could competitors reasonably enter through alternative channels?
- Is the arrangement genuinely necessary for the claimed business purpose?
- Could a less restrictive arrangement achieve the same objective?
- Does the agreement create substantial foreclosure?
These questions do not replace legal analysis, but they help identify potential risk.
Common Misunderstandings
“Exclusive contracts are illegal.”
False.
Exclusive dealing is common and can be entirely lawful.
“A company can never require a customer to buy exclusively from it.”
False.
Such requirements can be lawful depending on the circumstances.
“Exclusive dealing is a per se violation.”
Generally false.
Exclusive dealing is ordinarily analyzed under the rule of reason rather than automatically condemned.
“Any competitor harmed by exclusivity has an antitrust claim.”
Not necessarily.
Losing a customer is not itself an antitrust injury.
“Market share is the only issue.”
False.
Market power matters, but courts may consider numerous other factors.
“A legitimate business justification makes the agreement automatically lawful.”
Not necessarily.
A legitimate justification can be important, but the overall competitive effects remain relevant.
“A small exclusive contract can never matter.”
Not necessarily.
The importance of an arrangement depends on its role in the market and its relationship to other contracts.
Key Takeaways
Exclusive dealing is a central concept in modern antitrust law because exclusivity can be both economically useful and potentially exclusionary.
The most important principles are:
- Exclusive dealing involves limiting a party’s ability to deal with competitors.
- Exclusive arrangements are not automatically illegal.
- They can create legitimate investment and distribution incentives.
- The central antitrust concern is substantial foreclosure of competition.
- Market power is an important part of the analysis.
- The amount of the market foreclosed can be significant.
- Contract duration matters.
- Alternative distribution channels matter.
- Barriers to entry can make exclusivity more concerning.
- Exclusive dealing is generally analyzed under the rule of reason.
- Exclusive distribution and exclusive purchasing can raise similar issues.
- Loyalty discounts and rebates can create related competitive concerns.
- Losing one customer does not automatically constitute antitrust injury.
- Legitimate business justifications can be important.
- The ultimate question is whether competition, rather than merely an individual competitor, has been harmed.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is exclusive dealing?
Exclusive dealing is an arrangement in which a buyer, seller, distributor, or other business agrees to deal exclusively or substantially exclusively with another business.
Is exclusive dealing illegal?
Not automatically. Exclusive dealing can be lawful when it serves legitimate commercial purposes and does not substantially harm competition.
Is exclusive dealing a per se antitrust violation?
Generally, no. Exclusive dealing is ordinarily evaluated under the rule of reason.
What is foreclosure in antitrust law?
Foreclosure refers to restricting competitors’ meaningful access to customers, suppliers, distributors, or other parts of the market.
Why does market share matter?
A company with substantial market power may have greater ability to use exclusivity to prevent competitors from reaching customers.
Can a small company use exclusive contracts?
Yes. Small companies routinely use exclusive arrangements for legitimate commercial purposes. The competitive significance depends on the market context.
What is exclusive distribution?
Exclusive distribution generally gives a distributor exclusive rights to sell a supplier’s products in a particular territory or customer group.
What is exclusive purchasing?
Exclusive purchasing occurs when a buyer agrees to purchase a product or service exclusively from a particular supplier.
Are exclusive territories illegal?
Not automatically. Exclusive territories can promote investment and efficient distribution, but they may raise antitrust concerns when they substantially restrict competition.
How is exclusive dealing different from price fixing?
Price fixing generally involves competitors agreeing on prices. Exclusive dealing usually involves a business restricting its dealings with competing suppliers or customers.
How is exclusive dealing different from market allocation?
Market allocation generally involves competitors agreeing to divide customers or territories among themselves. Exclusive dealing usually concerns restrictions within a vertical business relationship.
Can exclusive dealing benefit consumers?
Yes. It can encourage investment, improve distribution, reduce costs, and support specialized services. The concern arises when the arrangement substantially harms competitive conditions.
Can exclusive dealing hurt competitors without violating antitrust law?
Yes. Competition law does not guarantee every competitor access to every customer. A business may lawfully win customers through superior products, prices, or contracts.
What is the biggest antitrust concern with exclusive dealing?
The central concern is that a company with substantial market power may use exclusivity to foreclose rivals from enough of the market that meaningful competition becomes difficult or impossible.
Conclusion
Exclusive dealing illustrates one of the most important principles in antitrust law:
A business practice cannot be judged solely by its form. Its competitive context matters.
An exclusive contract can be an ordinary and productive commercial arrangement. It can encourage investment, create predictable supply, improve distribution, protect quality, and reduce transaction costs.
But the same contractual mechanism can become problematic when a powerful company uses it across a substantial portion of the market to prevent competitors from reaching customers or obtaining access to essential distribution channels.
That is why exclusive dealing is not ordinarily treated like price fixing or bid rigging.
The law does not simply ask:
“Was there exclusivity?”
It asks much more.
Who imposed the exclusivity? How much market power did that company possess? How much of the market was covered? How long did the restrictions last? What alternatives remained? Could competitors still enter and compete effectively? What legitimate business purpose justified the arrangement? And, ultimately, what happened to competition?
These questions capture the economic logic of the rule of reason.
The fundamental distinction is therefore between exclusive dealing as a legitimate method of organizing commerce and exclusive dealing as a tool for excluding rivals.
Antitrust law generally permits businesses to compete aggressively.
What it seeks to prevent is the use of contractual power to transform competition into exclusion.
The information provided in this article ("Exclusive Dealing: A Complete Guide to Exclusive Distribution and Antitrust Law") is for general educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute formal legal advice. Reading this content does not create an attorney-client relationship. Laws vary by jurisdiction; consult a licensed attorney for specific legal matters.
Tsvety, LL.M., M.A.
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